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taxes and compulsory payments

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  • HISTORICAL SURVEY: THE STATE AND ITS ANTECEDENTS (1880–2006) — Introduction It took the new Jewish nation about 70 years to emerge as the State of Israel. The immediate stimulus that initiated the modern return to Zion was the disappointment, in the last quarter of the 19th century, of the expectation that… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

  • Business and Industry Review — ▪ 1999 Introduction Overview        Annual Average Rates of Growth of Manufacturing Output, 1980 97, Table Pattern of Output, 1994 97, Table Index Numbers of Production, Employment, and Productivity in Manufacturing Industries, Table (For Annual… …   Universalium

  • KHARĀJ AND JIZYA — KHARĀJ AND JIZYA, Arabic Turkish for tribute or remuneration in general which later came to mean land tax and poll tax, respectively. According to the constitution of the Muslim state, as conceived by the legislators, the payment of the poll tax… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

  • Comparison of Australian and Canadian governments — There are a great many similarities between the countries of Canada and Australia. They are both fully independent former settler colonies of Britain from which they have inherited their political traditions. Both nations are large, relatively… …   Wikipedia

  • Law, Crime, and Law Enforcement — ▪ 2006 Introduction Trials of former heads of state, U.S. Supreme Court rulings on eminent domain and the death penalty, and high profile cases against former executives of large corporations were leading legal and criminal issues in 2005.… …   Universalium

  • Antigua and Barbuda — an island state comprising Antigua and two smaller islands: a member of the former West Indies Associated States; formerly a British crown colony; gained independence 1981. 79,000; 171 sq. mi. (442 sq. km). Cap.: St. John s. * * * Antigua and… …   Universalium

  • Bosnia and Herzegovina — a republic in S Europe: formerly (1945 92) a constituent republic of Yugoslavia. 2,607,734; 19,909 sq. mi. (51,565 sq. km). Cap.: Sarajevo. * * * Bosnia and Herzegovina Introduction Bosnia and Herzegovina Background: Bosnia and Herzegovina s… …   Universalium

  • disposable income — 1. the part of a person s income remaining after deducting personal income taxes. 2. (in national income accounting) the total disposable income of all consumers. [1945 50] * * * Portion of an individual s income over which the recipient has… …   Universalium

  • Economics of the Roman army — The economics of the Roman army concerns the costs of the Roman military establishment and the tax burden on the empire s inhabitants to support it. The military burden The size and growth of the Roman army of the Principate may be summarised as… …   Wikipedia

  • TAXATION —    Compulsory contributions toward public services are a feature of all complex societies. Mesopotamia had two kinds of levies that could be imposed by the main institutional bodies: the temple, the state (see PALACES), or the city. First there… …   Historical Dictionary of Mesopotamia

  • Social Protection — ▪ 2006 Introduction With medical costs skyrocketing and government programs scaled back, citizens bore more responsibility for their health care costs; irregular migration, human trafficking, and migrant smuggling posed challenges for… …   Universalium

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